Cell Division

Hello my fellow readers!!!!!!!!!!!!

Today I will be teaching you how a cell divides. First, I would like to tell you an amazing fact about cell division, our human body cells divides about a thousands of time in one minute. I found it very amazing and I think you will also find it also amazing.

Now let's get into the cell division process. First I need to tell you that the germ cells and somatic cells are the two classification of the cells in our body and these cells divide in different ways. Germ cells a.k.a. Gamete cells are the cells that are reproduction cells, such as ovum in women and sperm in men. And somatic cells are the cells that do not reproduce.

Their is one common phase in the Cell cycle that both the cell types undergo that is interphase. There are three phases in the interphase. They are:

1. G1 Phase.
2. S Phase.
3. G2 Phase.

In the G1 Phase is the phase in which the cells start to divide. In this phase they just start the centrosome( An important part of cell) division and in this phase the cell is metabolically active and also the cell starts the division of cytosolic components.

During the S phase, the cell starts DNA replication, so that each type of new cell formed gets equal number of genes. Genes are a very important part of our cell, they are like the General Governor of the cell Army, each and every action usually starts from them. So, it is important that the genes must be divided equally so that the cell is able to perform the right way. The genes are the building units of the DNA.

During the G2 Phase, the centrosome replication is complete and the the DNA replication is also complete. At that time, the cell is usually synthesis proteins and other enzymes. But to be remembered that if some cell don't divide and the they are just locked in the G1 phase and are said to be in the G0 phase.

Interphase.

Now let's discuss about the mitosis and meiosis. The somatic cells divide through mitosis process and the germ cell divide through meiosis. First let's talk about mitosis, the mitosis is the process of cell division the includes 4 phases. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, telophase.

In the Prophase, the cell starts dividing itself by first converting the Chromatids into Chromosomes. This is an important part as each cell should have the same amount of Chromosomes to perform the right way. Also in this stage, the cell's nuclear envelope breaks up and nucleoli disappears. The nucleoli is a part that is located within the nucleus of the cell. And the nuclear envelope protects the nucleus. And also in this phase the mitotic spindle starts to form. The mitotic Spindle is an important thing without which the cell could not divide.

To understand the process of mitosis better, here is an image :

Mitosis.

In the above image, we can see the full process of mitosis. In the image, the red and green marks indicate the chromosomes. The next phase is the Metaphase, the chromosomes are held together by centrosome, outside of the centrosome have a protein known as Kinetochore, the mitotic spindle attaches to them, and arrange them in a single line known as metaphasic plate. Then in the next phase, the chromosomes are separated into chromatids and they are pushed to the other side of the cells by the mitotic spindle. In this way, both the new cells will be having the same amount of chromatids. The next and the last phase in the process of mitosis is the telophase, in this phase,the nuclear envelope reappears and the parent cell is like pinched out in between to form the two new haploid cell.


The cytokinesis usually starts at the late anaphase and starts to divide the cytoplasmic material. It is usually completed in the telophase but the distribution is usually done roughly.

I will be writing the process of miesosis on later times because I think remembering this much today is still okay for you.

Thanks you for reading!!!!!!!!!!!

Limbic Lobe

As I have already talked about the basics parts of our brain, this part named Limbic Lobe is located inside the Cerebrum.

The upper diagram the shows the Limbic Lobe also known as Limbic System. In this article, I will talk about several functions of their parts.

The first part I would like to talk about is Amygdala. The Amygdala is a part in our brain that is mostly involved in processing emotions. Mostly the emotions of fear that alert us. For Example, An experiment was performed on a mouse,in that experiment, the researchers surgically stopped Amygdala from working. The researchers then putted the mouse in the cage of  a hungry cat, and they found that the mouse got into the hands of the cat very easily and the mouse was still not afraid, that is a sign that the Amygdala plays an important role in processing the emotion of fear.

Now let's talk about Hippocampus, Hippocampus is a part in our brain that is involved in making memory. I have already talked about it in my previous post and you can read that post for getting information about it.

Next I will talk about The Thalamas. The Thalamas is like a gateway for the Cortex, very information that wants to visit the Cortex must first pass through here to be able to go to the Cortex. The Cortex here might even cancel the information and it might not allow the information to reach the Cortex. For Example, when you are in your school and your teacher teaches you a very important lesson, you might not hear the tick tick sound of the clock, this is because the Thalamas after sometime does not allow the sound to reach the Cortex because the Cortex is already involved in understanding the lesson.

The Cingulate Gyrus is the part of our brain that processes the autonomic nervous system that is this part of our brain adjusts the Blood Pressure, Pupil Size, Heart Rate and other things which are not in our control.

Hypothalamas and Pituitary Gland.

The Hypothalamas is located just below the Thalamas and is mostly involved in maintaining the internal environment of our body by increasing or decreasing the feeling of Hunger, Thirst etc. It also affects the rate of our growth by getting a control over the Pituitary Gland. The Pituitary Gland secretes the Growth Hormone and it only sends the Growth Hormone when it gets the signal from Hypothalamas.

Next, I would like to talk about Corpus Callosum, This part of our brain helps both the hemispheres of our brain to contact with each other. There are two hemispheres of our brain, they are left and right hemisphere and this both contact each other with the help of Corpus Callosum.

The Limbic Lobe can be said as the heart of our brain. We cannot have emotions without it.

This is all I wanted to include in this article.

Thanks for reading.

How electricity is generated?

Hello Friends!!!!

Today I will be going to give you some idea how a simple or we can say typical electric generator works.

First I would like to tell you what a electric generator is made up of, it is made up of 2 magnets, aluminium or copper wire and a turbine( or an object that rotates). The aluminium or copper wire are connected to the turbine and are placed between the 2 magnets. The magnets are such that magnet 1 would be placed with north pole facing the wire and the other will be placed in a position so that it's south pole will be facing the wire.

When the turbine starts to rotate, it also rotates the wire that is attached to it. When the wire placed between the magnets rotate, the repulsion force of the 2 magnets causes the electrons in the wire to move which creates electricity. You can also watch the video below to understand what I said.

Thanks for reading.

Basics Of Neuroscience

Hello Friends!!!!!!!
Today, in this article, I would be writing about the basis of Neuroscience.

First of all, I would like to tell you what is Neuroscience?

Neuroscience is a branch or part of science that  mostly deals with how our brain works. And this is one of the part of science that can tell you that your brain is not just a simple brain but it is really more complex than even a super computer. It's complexity is really hard to solve and study. So, in this article, I will only write about some of the basics of Neuroscience and also I recommend you to read my article which deals with the Neuromatrix of pain, i.e., how is pain caused and it tells about the parts of our brain involved in discovering pain.

So, let me first start with the basis of brain anatomy. Scientists have divided the brain into three parts in common. They are:

1. Cerebellum
2. Cerebrum
3. And Medulla

First I would like to talk about Cerebrum. The Cerebrum is the part of our brain that almost processes all the data that comes in our brain through the spinal cord or all the information that comes into our brain. The image below shows the Cerebrum and it's four parts:

Human Brain

The cerebrum is again divided into four parts:

1. Frontal Lobe
2. Parietal Lobe
3. Occipital Lobe
4. And Temporal Lobe

First let me talk about the Frontal Lobe, this part of our(Human) brain is basically involved in planning and reasoning and all the other types of higher level functions that only human's can perform. More specifically, The Prefrontal Cortex is the part of our brain that is involved in higher order functions. And this part part, i.e., The Prefrontal Cortex, is only found in the human brain, that means that it is the special part that allowed us to perform the functions that animals cannot do.

Prefrontal Cortex

The image above shows the Prefrontal Cortex in green color. 

Now moving towards the other part of our brain, Parietal Lobe.

This part of our brain is mostly involved in the processing of movements. This part of our brain also helps us to keep an record of where our body parts are located in space, for example, close your eyes for some time and after you close your eyes, you still know where your body parts are or where you leg is right now, where you fingers are right now, so this is the part that makes that thing possible, or in other words, it contains a type of blueprint of all your body parts. 

This part also works in coordination with your occipital lobe which is involved in processing visual signals so that you are able to pick up a pencil when you see it.(discussed later)

As I have already said, that the Occipital Lobe is involved in processing visual signals. But for the people whoa re blind from birth may also use this part of their brain to process the auditory signals, it is usually found that the people that are blind from birth, have a greater sense of audio then any other normal person, the reason behind this is that this people usually train their Occipital Lobe to process audio.

Next comes our Temporal Lobe, the Temporal Lobe is a part in our brain which is involved in processing audio signals. It also contains the part of our brain, known as Hippocampus(HI-PO-KAM-PUS), that is involved in processing the memory portion, that is, the thing that we need to remember are processed here and are then sent to long term memory. It is like the gateway of the memory to be remembered. But one thing should be noticed that it only makes us remember the things but it does not store them, it sends that "thing" to the respective Lobe or Cortex it belongs to. For Example, the memory of audio will be sent to the Temporal Lobe, the memory of vision will be sent to the Occipital Lobe etc. Afterwards, this all the memories can be combined to form a image of what happened in the past or the thing we need to remember.

Hippocampus.

The Occipital Lobe also sends the signals to the Temporal Lobe and Parietal Lobe, for recognizing and picking up an object. The Temporal Lobe recognizes the object and the Parietal Lobe plans our actions to pick up the object.

Now we come to the part of Cerebellum, the Cerebellum is usually involved in coordinating motor functions, i.e., the functions of movement. The movement signal after getting processed in the Parietal Lobe, it reaches the Cerebellum. The Cerebellum also controls reflex functions. For Example, if you try to hit a trained person in self defense techniques, such as Bear Grylls, you will find that they have taken the decision to attack you in the correct manner in less than a second, the reason behind that is that the signal did not go to the Cerebrum, instead the Cerebellum used the neural connections in it to perform that action. And also you can modify the neural connections in the Cerebellum by practicing regularly.

Last comes our Spinal Cord, it is a part that takes signals from our brain to the body and also from the body to our brain.

I cannot write more than that right now as I am tired, sorry for any mistakes in this article.

Thanks for reading!!!!!!!!!

WE DON'T HAVE WEIGHT!!!!!!!!!!

Hello Friends!!!!!

Today's topic is somewhat different because it says that we don't have any type of weight. This concept was thought by me and I think that we don't have any type of weight.

You might ask how can I say that? The answer is that you all know that we have a force called Gravity on Earth and this thing (Gravity) is also located in the moon. But as you all know that when a person on Earth goes to Moon, that person experiences some weight loss. But what is the reason behind this weight loss? The answer is that it is because there is less amount of gravity on moon then on earth. This leads to the conclusion that the Gravity has an effect on the weight of an object,this surely clears out that an if an object is sent in zero Gravity,then that object would experience zero weight. And also if any object is sent from a lower Gravity area to a Higher Gravity area, then that object's mass would increase.

This makes clear that we actually don't have any type of weight with us, it is just a part of Gravity, nothing other than that.

And I think that we don't have weight in zero gravity, then many formulae based on the weight need to be changed in Physics. For Example, The formula of Force is Force=Acceleration*Weight. And this formula cannot be applied in Zero Gravity because according to me, we don't have weight in Zero Gravity, so the formula may be changed to Force=Acceleration. Not only this formula, there are many other formulae that need to be changed in order to be applicable in Zero Gravity.

This also makes clear that the rules of Physics are not same everywhere, they cannot be same on Earth and a place with zero Gravity.

And that thing makes this research a noble one.

Thanks for reading.
Comments are appreciated.

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Dentist recommend Ice Cream????????????

Hello Friends!!!!!!

Have you ever wondered that why the dentists recommend Ice Cream after removing a tooth????????

I wondered on this question and did some research on my is that so and I got the answer and I really think that it should be published on my blog so the other people also know that because curiosity is the best quality for any child or scientist.

Dentists recommend ice cream after taking out a tooth to just stop bleeding in the mouth and it really works but they don't say that we should always eat that because it might also cause cavities in our mouth, so we should eat it only one time after the dentist had taken out the tooth or till the bleeding does not stop.

We can also rake other cold things such as Cold Water.

Have a knowledge full day ahead!!!!!!

And thanks for reading this short article!!!!!!!!!!!  

VACATIONS!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Hello again guys and today I am happy to say that my vacations are going to start on 3 or 4 days and in the vacations I will not be able to post much articles but try my best to give atleast 30 minutes every day to write an article on this blog.

Thanks for your support.